Advertising Revenue In Print Media

Advertising Revenue In Print Media When discussing the advertising as a revenue tool for the investments in the print press industry, we must have a deep look in the advertising industry and all the forces that forms the market and drive the investors to invest their capitals in the print press industry and the revenue is one of the factors which attract investors to access the market with high expectations for a great rate of revenues for their investments. Around the world, the Print Press industry is growing as a source of information and knowledge in the life. The Print Press organization is considered a corporation for good investments and good revenues. The unique factor about the Print Press is that the unlimited source of finance and funds based on the values of the suppliers, the advertising is one of the most popular forces in the Print Press industry which give it good revenue for the business. Therefore, the Print Press allows the high risk investors to transfer their investments into a high revenue market with excellent profits and exchange rates for the stockholders. The press industry is an effective element in the markets and in the daily life of all countries and people. In the researches there have been indicators to tell the benefits of the advertising revenues for any type of industry, the newspapers and magazines are publications containing news, information, and advertising. General newspapers have articles about political events, crime, business, art, entertainment, society, and sports. The traditional newspapers contain columns expressing the personal opinions of writers, with sections for advertising and comics. In 1990s, the availability of news via 24 hours TV channels and the Internet posed an ongoing challenge, while the advertising revenue makes up the bulk of most newspapers income which has been shifting from Print Press to digital media, and result a big decline in profits. A large number of newspapers and magazines worldwide had launched their online versions in order to follow ahead or stay with audiences. The cheaper print press increased literacy with growing in the emerging of electronic media and the newspapers are continued to grow. The main revenues for the Print Press come from advertising, the contribution from sales; the newspapers generate more than 80% of revenues through the advertising activities, and the remaining revenues from the sales. When there are no advertising, it is called editorial contents, which means the articles in the newspapers and its guests or writers when they express their opinions. The newspapers have many traditional advertisers, and there are many different channels for these advertising to come to the newspapers, by direct request, or agencies. Due to the press industry consolidation, the advertisements are much less to give the required revenues, and the newspapers are seeing these advertising shifting to the new media platform. The categories of advertisements are shifting into many types of digital websites, auto sites, and TV channels. With the new technology in our lives, the advertising media are varied and include the internet websites, rich media platforms and mobile networks. Recently the advertisement industry is mostly recognized as opposite editorial contents which pay a fee to be included in the newspapers. The advertisers include their products or techniques such as new design for advertising, and promotions for the customers. It is usually closer to the press release than the objectives of newspapers story. Introduction Advertising process is a form of communications which include the product name or the service name and how could they be benefit for the consumers. That process is often attempt to affect the potential purchase behaviors of customers towards a particular products and services. With the variety of advertising methods and types, the modern marketing and the use of information technology is affecting the purchasing decisions made by customers and lead the market forces to make some revenues for the producers. The main targets of commercial advertising are to increase the rates of consumptions of their products and services, which will increase the advertising revenues for the producers, and enhance the image of the products and services in the market to encourage the customers for more consumption. There are several elements and factors influence the advertising procedures and trends in the market. The different types of media in advertising could be used to deliver the advertising message to the customers; this message includes the image and benefits of the products and services. Traditional media of advertising may be placed by agencies on behalf of the companies or the organizations. Many organizations spent a specific amount of money on advertising and promotion items other than the consumed items or services which could include third party in the advertising or interest groups with targets of controlling the market trends towards their benefits. The money which is spent is indicating the size of the advertising industry and the revenues of them throughout the Print Press. The advertising communication is used to influence the individuals to purchase a specific product or service, or support a political ideas, it could be displayed on newspapers, magazines, and other digital types of advertising. According to a study by Booz Company, thanks to the bold steps taken to promote innovation and efficient management of more aggressive cost on the basis of the success of new strategies, media organizations may be able to prepare a better future. There are two major powers reducing the profits of the print media. The first is the continuous change in the areas of expenditure which marketers focus away from the paid advertisements in favor of other priorities advertisements from outside the budget, what would be a major amount of marketing expenditures when the economy recovers. The second orientation, which toppled the long-term profitability of publications, it is the birth of digital media. Literature Review Literature Strategy In the study, there are some important concepts to put in concern with all the other principles of the advertising researches, these concepts are related to the literature review of the Print Press. Starting from the first step of planning to plan for the study, then starting to plan the research and beginning to collect information for the study, all these steps and phases required for the literature caring and planning. The study of effects of advertising on the revenues of the print press industry is involving with all the strategic decisions and marketing plans for the most benefits of the advertising. This study will be more effective with help of the marketing researches and activities too. Only the start which is considered a critical phase to decide the segment of customer who the message from the advertisements are going to be focused on, and the researches will indicate the effects of the advertising as whole on the print press and all types of media. Generally, it could be relatively related to few of the newspapers which have revenues under certain amount of money, and use the responsible departments for performing these researches to increase the income for the newspapers. However, a variety of elements and factors are affecting the size of advertisements in a newspaper than another. Among some studies and researches, we have to introduce some unique services and products in order to attract the consumers and readers to purchase the products or use the service that will increase the size of advertising and the benefits for the newspaper from these advertisements. So, the strategy for literature marketing researches must be aware of most of the factors for the market forces, and the other effective elements for perfect planning and introducing the best plan of advertising revenues. The availability of marketing solutions to enable the media to focus on the broader marketing budget, with a bigger share of the budget information paid. And provides research networks and paid advertising is an effective way at the level of cost for marketers to guide the public about their methods of electronic marketing of certain goods. The building offers a wider range of solutions for marketers an opportunity for media organizations to compete more according to their own laws with research networks and advertising. They can strengthen the relationship with the more committed audience, and thus to get deeper information for the conduct of the consumer, and enhance their level of development of the content up to consumers and serve their interests. The publishers also have the opportunity to attract spending marketed through paid advertisements in the media to help marketers build their brands, through marketing solutions that help marketers build and electronic means for the mar keting of certain goods of their own. Advertising Industry In the advertising industry, all the managements of the print press are working together so that they can manage a strong strategy for the increase of the size of advertisements in the newspaper, the design of the advertising and the contents of the advertising are going to be determined by a shared members of both sides the newspapers and the producers. Customers trends are changing and the advertising message should meet these changes and encourage the customers to head towards these products or services in order to encourage the producer to advertise again and again. The actions by customers towards specific advertising are going to determine the ability to make the advertising again or stop it and change to another media, besides the message contents and the products brands or the services quality all these elements are going to affect the size of advertisements in a newspaper. Advertisers need to advertise their products and services to others to establish relations of reciprocity, mutual interests, and mutual benefit, the form and manner that is consistent with the nature of the times, and by relying on a Bellman, who was dispatched from the rulers of the kings and princes, who was wandering around the market brings people around the drum to tell them his message, and resorted to this activity class referees calls that have been used to deliver orders and decisions to the masses and to determine their approach to the authorities in order to achieve the Governor demands of them, the traders hire roaming the streets calling for advertisers on the arrival of ships and goods. Within the tenth century AD became advocates widespread phenomenon in many European cities. These traders were hired to guide customers to their stores and give them an idea of the prices of goods and the store, as well as trade and economic activity back on the market, which was working hard as he could to attract people to his merchandise and tell them their advantages and disadvantages, and hide the stock extent possible so that people deny it, that is publicity in the beginning took the form of oral audio. In the view of most historians that the external signs on the shops are the first forms of advertising, he has used the Babylonians, who lived in what is now Iraq for signs of such propaganda to their stores since 3000 BC. Advertising Plan The main strategy for advertising is the strong marketing plan for the print press organization or the newspapers and magazines. With a strong marketing position and good marketing team, the newspaper will be able to attract many advertisers in order to put their advertisements in the newspaper. The current researches are targeting the description of the advertising method or the advertising plan, but the deep looking here is about advertising campaign which will lead to excellent revenues for the producers and the newspaper. Starting with this point, the current researches aim to contribute a descriptive study of the situation of the print press sector, by describing the advertising portfolio of each of the firms in the sector, and looking at the changes the companies have made in recent years. Thus, these researches are adopting the product image as its unit of analysis from which to analyse the sectors situation and the trends in its evolution. Integrated advertising plan is the key to success and should include market research, customer groups that targeted by competition, positioning, product or service they sell, pricing, and marketing. Begin advertising and planning, advertising effective current information about the market. Study the ads of other projects in community, and consult with any professional associations related, help us with this interactive tool to assess the strengths and weak advertising. Pricing Strategy It is most important factor affecting the advertising size in a newspaper, when they set the pricing for advertisements they must be careful and consider the market with competition and set the acceptable range of prices which will be accepted by the advertiser. The strategy for pricing the advertising products and services depend on different segments and channels for the evaluation of the changes in the market. These changes might need to be affecting the prices and also gain more segments form the market. The prices are very effective in advertising and the size of advertising in the print press, the changes in the market will lead to changes in the organization strategy and pricing strategy to be more flexible in order to meet the needs of both customers and producers. When the producer is known with all the prices of the market, he will be considered with the size of the advertising and the content of the message he want to deliver to customers, it will indicate the ability to take the advertising or delay the advertising for another time. The researches distinguished between different pricing strategies, such as high promoter and low promoter organizations, without relying on product differentiation considerations. A segmented switcher perspective enables us to resolve some varied results found in previous models. There is one way available to the printed media in order to cope with their own business models for success in marketing the new digital environment, and through four strategies as a minimum: Deepen relations with readers on the target areas of concern. Focus on the flow of revenue outside the framework of marketing and trading. Redesign of the content delivery model (with a special focus on reducing costs) and the emphasis on content-profit article written for the unique and reflect the brand. Innovation of new products and pricing models. Marketers are aware that the leading force in the launch of digital media to communicate with consumers. And spend the companies that offer e-marketing offers for certain goods such as blogs and mobile applications more money on these offers, compared with other digital ads. And often are designed electronic means marketing of certain goods to attract registered users. The media printed a special relationship with its readers who trust the content of publications and appreciate its credibility. The sites of high-quality e-enable the printed media to develop a close relationship with its readers: consumers become more committed and willing to recording and exchange of personal data for the meeting offers for them. The challenge of media organizations on how to increase offers new content and consumer-oriented, without the added costs beyond to create content and difficulty of operational income scalability that can be achieved. I tried some media organizations to enhance the value of online advertising for the brand by directing them towards the target groups of the public. In the coming years, there will production for the majority of revenue in the digital media for advertising and sponsorship. However, the increase of income by the name of the registered user may play a vital role in creating flows of income and achieve an overall growth of vinegar faster. And media organizations can continue to pursue these sources of revenue in the digital arena with the recognition that there are limitations to the size of the public who can attract in the case imposed a tariff on content to consumers. Research Methodology Advertising researches are special type of studies which are specialized form of marketing researches; they aim to improve the efficiency of the advertising according to the market trends. These researches are focusing on a specific advertisements or campaigns, or may be directed at a more general understanding of how advertising works or how consumers use the information in advertising. There are different types of advertising researches, such as customized advertising and syndicated advertising; the first one is conducted for specific clients to address the client needs. The second type of researches is single research study conducted by a research company with its results available, for sale, to multiple companies. Before the advertising researches, the media used for advertising such as radio, TV, print, outdoor billboards, or Internet, these methods would apply to gather the required information for testing the benefits of the advertising before starting advertise. The focus is on what the advertising will do for the product or the service and the increase of revenues from advertising for the print press. In our research about the advertising and its effects for the print press industry, we are going to follow several methods of data gathering and analyzing, all the information related to the advertising and the print press industry, which will lead us to the desired results and approaches form the study. The essential facts her are that we have an important role for the advertising to refresh the market and increase the sales for specific products or services, the size of the advertising is effective element for the revenues of the print press for these advertising. There are many different ways to perform the advertising researches, most the organizations are using one or more of the several basics of the advertising researches or methods of advertising, such as: Surveysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ With questionnaires and concise, we can analyses the groups that represent the target area in the market. When increasing the size of the sample of questionnaire, the results of the questionnaire will be dependable. The surveys are working very fine for the researches and studies, which make it a powerful tool in the advertising methodology. Focus Groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is a moderated method using the scripted series of questions or topics which lead to discussing among a group of people. It is usually lasts one or two hours and it takes at least three groups to get balanced results. Personal Interviewsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Similar to the focus group, but include the unstructured questions, and usually last for about an hour. Its a valuable insight to customers attitudes and excellent way to uncover the issues related to advertising and new products or services development. Observation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The individual response to surveys and focus groups are sometimes at the actual behavior of customers everywhere. We observe the actions and reactions by several methods to give more accurate picture of customers usage habits and shopping patterns. Questionnaire Successful newspapers measure the profitability of their advertising, territories, customer groups, and segments. This information helps management determine whether any products or advertising activities should be expanded, reduced, or eliminated. The first step in marketing-profitability analysis is to identify the functional expenses such as advertising and delivery, incurred for each activity. Next, the newspapers measure how much functional expense was associated with advertising through the advertising campaign. Third, the newspapers prepare a profit-and-loss statement for each type of advertising. Print Press and Media organizations can follow the tracks consumer shift focus to new flows of income resulting from the readers rather than to produce for marketers. But these challenges even greater, readers pay to meet the content difficult to find elsewhere, and which is difficult to imitate or copy. It has bypassed some of the publications of consumer reluctance of consumers through the development of credibility by a unique research cannot be found elsewhere on the Internet. The media organizations also find new ways to configure a particular brand as centers addressed by the community or data, and impose the cost of meeting additional benefits save people time and contribute to building their networks and social identity. Questionnaire is one of the cheapest ways to collect data on a particular topic by a very large segment of people and through this data, you can do an analytical study on that subject. It is important to know that the effort to get the strong design of the questionnaire questions on the place and the size and shape to take it out inevitably give data that could be utilized to make a particular decision on the subject to be studied. It is important to develop a questionnaire to the definition of phases, beginning with the things that will be tested and ends extraction results. Each stage must be designed very carefully because the final result depends on the interdependence of all stages, although that way all the data through the questionnaire is the cheapest way, but it can be expensive in terms of design and the extraction results. Questionnaire Factors: Determine the targets of the questionnaire. Written questionnaire. Surely we will not get required results if there is no clear goal and a specific work of the questionnaire, the more difficult goal or purpose is not clear where a waste of time participants and wasting the resources of the owners of that questionnaire. For example: Suppose that there is a program for computer and there is a problem in use by multiple users and resolve this problem have been identified target, (identify points of dissatisfaction with the user interface program and how it affects negatively on its performance). We might think that this really is the goal, but in fact not the case. The duty of the questionnaire designed to determine precisely what is meant by non-user satisfaction Is it to learn the program or in the strength and performance of the program or the difficulty of learning the program and whether it is important to the user quickly learn the program, also must determine what is meant by performance the program. The questionnaire is designed to clear, we must be very careful in defining the target and floating to general things might be understood in several aims, objectives and summary of the tower will, if we find it difficult to write a questionnaire, remember that we did not take sufficient time in defining the objectives of the questionnaire. Questionnaire: Name: Age: Nationality: Income: Job Title: Address: Favorite Newspaper: Magazines: Reading times: Purchasing: Attractive Ads: Interests in Ads: Important Ads: The advertising questionnaire is not easy to start, but with random groups in the society, we got some results to help us evaluating the importance of ads for people, these results could be summarized as: 95% of readers are not looking for advertising. 70% are interested in advertising. 40% are actual customers for advertising products and services. 90% are attracted to the colors and design of advertising. 30% are attracted by the contents. Analyzing and Interpretation of Data The results of advertising are not encouraging for the advertising itself, but the importance of advertising is deniable for all organizations, no one will know about any organization or services without advertising or announcing, from here we find the importance of advertising itself. Only the print press advertising became very shortly used and sometimes not effective for the investors. For the Print Press newspapers and magazines it is a very important source of income, and in the UAE market there more than one newspaper based on advertising, which make this industry very profitable and include a high range of income for the newspaper or the magazine. A recession can take place lasting change in the environment and the media, with the emergence of increasing pressure on newspapers and magazines. Decreased in the total advertising revenue in the year 2008, was recorded in newspapers, magazines and consumer publications for institutions of a decline in print ads more than two to three times. According to a study by Booz Company, thanks to the bold steps taken to promote innovation and efficient management of more aggressive cost on the basis of the success of new strategies, media organizations may be able to prepare a better future. Advertising agencies is administered by the advertising expenditure for the big advertisers usually. So, form a strategic relationship between advertising agencies and print media, such as TV channels, is considered a sine qua non of any means but this does not prevent the TV channel to organize visits to some identifiable potential advertisers to introduce them to the canal and nature of the audience and that does not hold any advertising agreements only with the advertiser through the ad agency, and can be made of those visits in coordination with the agencys ad spender do not forget that there are some spenders who want to deal with the advertising means directly, and these could be targeted through the channel directly. With the global crisis had entered a tunnel to free press, the crisis and closed dozens of them in Europe with fierce competition and rising costs for distribution of homes and declining advertising revenue, with The New York Times report to fall by more than one-third in the early months of 2009, compared to last year, prompting the majority of these newspapers to reduce the number of employees is clearly to control costs and balance of income and some of which is to ensure the superiority and control through their monopoly contracts to ensure the distribution of the newspaper not to compete in some public areas, for example, newspaper Metro which has a monopoly of distribution in the subway in London, which gives it a significant advantage to advertisers and reached the monopoly as a result of a contract signed with the supervisor of the subway, and the paper fears losing its monopoly contract with the end of next year, and newspapers seeking competition to get the deal attractive and profitable, which means that free newspapers are paid to monopolize the distribution in some important sites of density of human permanent, a type of expenses and costs it cannot support a free press, but with large advertising revenue and has from the outset as a strong entity in the market transactions. Does not deny that major news organizations in the world seeks through information services, the broad sense to make more of the extra revenue and complementary services, particularly the print press is not a printer of books and information services and press services for the sale of diverse press kit for the participants, diversity and excellence, credibility and depth, which newspapers offer European and American major, and was provided by the expansion of the Al-Ahram Arabic press in prior years ago. With the Internet age, the e-press services and other value-driven can become an important income for publishers releases provided they need Internet browser with high quality and very distinguished and diverse specialization in the form of news is interesting and attractive. In the light of the high cost of editorial quality and excellence and financial requirements in the form of large fixed costs and expenses in progress, the waiver of the press free from 15% to 20% of total revenues represented by the income distribution as a result of lack of interest in article releases and non-remittance of available and presented to the reader levels and high rates and high in light of the predominance of advertising material and clout, this kind of newspapers make a reduction in expenses and issuance costs more than the value distribution of income by the cost of editorial distinct rise inevitably and of necessity for the investigator from the sale proceeds are paid in case of traditional printed newspapers, This means that the decision to sell free of charge in the beginning and the end reflects the economic and financial accounts for the quality of new and updated list of the press on the concept of a new focus primarily on the advertising material which occupies the interface and the first priority and with the press material back to second and third, which means that there is a new industry was prioritize and re-arrange their sources of income and revenues, and also re-select the services and the quality of the target readers and the nature of influence, and thus contact printed advertising message aimed at focusing on the promotion and advertising and promotional goods and services rather than the promotion of ideas and press services of various kinds and forms, which fall under the industry opinion and conscience of the world. And even avoid publishing press crises and obstacles and avoid falling into the dark tunnel of indebtedness, the awareness and understanding the limits of economic and financial relationship between advertising revenue and the number of pages of the newspaper and also their relationship to the number of copies printed must be completely clear in the minds of managers and editing, and indicators show that the standard financial and economic mainstream press to the success of the paper and not stumble and ensure the realization of revenue and profit for the appropriate activity requires that a material ad rates estimates ranging between 25% minimum and a maximum of 40% of the total material printed in emergency situations of need, which means that the press material about 60% on average year to ensure balance and ensure the rights of the reader and provide a press release that variety and sometimes can be as high advertising material to at most 45% of the total printed material. And sets it in the end the newspaper ads pricing paper also determines the efficiency of the ad and its failure or success which are not only relate to access to the declarations and dissemination, but also linked and closely associated with success in the collection of ad revenue on a regular basis and without delay, while ensuring a minimum level of bad debt ad uncollected by the fact that the basic rule in advertising is the prompt payment, and the payment deadline must be the exception to the rule, even in large scale advertising campaigns and extended periods of time, the legal control of the financial rights of uncollected immediate should be the object of attention and scrutiny when agreeing to contracts with advertising campaigns to ensure letters of bank guarantees in the conditions of customers who Aidfon full value advertising directly. The same applies to set discounts for older customers, the exaggerated and left outside the scope of controls cause the loss of an important aspect of advertising revenue, and requires complete control and control the outcome of the advertising material as the main outcome of the financing costs and expenses of publishi

To understand changing perspectives we must first look at change itself

To understand changing perspectives we must first look at change itself. Not all change is progress, whether it be large or small. People change over time, it maybe age, experience, understanding or maturity that causes this change. As people change so does their perspective, of others, of life or themselves. This is expressed through my chosen texts, Looking For Alibrandi, Bend it like Beckham and Sky high. Bend it like Beckham follows the story of Jess Barah who lives in a traditional Indian family whose dream is to play soccer professionally, except Jess's ambitions are supressed by her parents expectations of her living a traditional Indian life. As the film develops we learn Jess's father's past reflects his attitude – that is, due to their ethnic background, Jess will be an outcast. Just as Nonna Alibrandis's past influences her attitudes. It is only at the end of Bend it like Beckham that Jess's father changes and allows her to play soccer. He changes his perspective to , that her happiness is more important, as the actor who played Jess's father said â€Å"If you try – you risk failing, if you don't – you ensure it†. This is the same sort of attitude that Jess's father adopts. Jess's parents change as they begin to understand her reasoning. This is the same with Josie as she changes her perspective of her Nonna when she starts to understand her Nonna's past. During the period of time we look at Josie she changes as she experiences situations, such as John Barton's death. She is able to look at this and realise that not everything is as it seems from the outside. She recognises that money social standing may in fact not be, the be all and end all. In sky high the young girl is looking back at her past and now she has changed over time. Swinging on the clothes line is no longer fun and exciting as she has experience life. Maturity means that she can't be free as she once was as she comments â€Å"The earth spins below me. I am flying. This is similar to Jess in the film as she was once young and free to do as she pleased, but no she is tied down by her parents. In Sky High the first 5 paragraphs talk about the childhood, then it suddenly jumps to the 6th where she talks of how she is older and has changed. This sudden jump shows the extreame change that although would have happened slowly over time, the realisation of the change was sudden. The 5 paragraphs build up this image in the readers mind, then in the last paragraph our perspective changes from a fairy tale like conquest of the clothes line to the harsh reality of the situation. In Bend it like Beckham, we are given the picture of the traditional Indian lifestyle and ideals in Jess's house. This is then compared to the modern outside world of soccer, where the gender roles and expectations are totally different. The use of juxtaposition shows the viewer just how traditional and perhaps even extreme parent views really are. Jess in Bend it like Beckham has shown me that change doesn't always happen easily. It was only due to herpersistance and extreme different attitudes compared to her parents that enabled Jess's parents to change. The film uses younger characters to show the changing gender roles in society. We can see that in soccer and Jess's community the issue of gender changes to being less relevant. By using these younger characters, many people are able to relate to them, being young now or were once young. Looking For Alibrandi also uses this technique. In the book we are told of everything through Josie. This enables us to experience change as Josie does. When we look at the start of the book and then the end, we can see a significant change, although following the book through we only see a gradual change. As the reader experiences change through Josie, they are able to relate to her. Another technique that Looking For Alibrandi uses is that we aren't told of Nonna's past until late in the book. We are give Josie's perspective, that her Nonna is just a ‘ vain old women ‘. This perspective is built up and then when Josie discovers her past we are suddenly exposed to a new perspective and new understanding. Sky High has developed my understanding of change as it has shown how change can occur very suddenly. It has supplemented with Looking for Alibrandi in that time and experience lead to change. Sky High shows a negative type of change, as this girl is no longer able to let go and this has reinforced my understanding that not all change is progress. Examining Looking for Alibrandi in this context has changed my perspective of the characters. It has shown me how change occurs through understanding, and understanding means we have knowledge, therefore the power or choice to change. Every one has the ability to change.

Belmont is a place of youth, happiness and concord, Venice a place of age, melancholy and strife Essay

Shakespeare sets â€Å"The Merchant of Venice†, in two very contrasting settings of Venice and Belmont. Venice is the city of the merchants; it symbolizes money, business, men and hate. Belmont is a magical town which Shakespeare created to symbolise women, happiness, poetry and love. Shakespeare uses this juxtaposition to give a dramatic effect on the audience and he uses the places to introduce various contrasting themes and emotions. In Shakespeare’s time, to set the play in two very different settings was particularly radical and innovative because of the traditions of theatre set by Greek unities. It was simply not possible to show too much on the stage and so the audience would have come to ‘hear the play’, rather than to see it. By focusing closely upon language differences to show character or setting Shakespeare broke the rules of unity, which had been revived in the Renaissance period. The characteristics of Venice are shown as that of strife, age and melancholy and those of Belmont as a place of happiness and concord. Initially, these places seem to fit the title’s descriptions and Shakespeare shows how the places oppose each other. However, gradually and once the audience begin to ‘hear the play’, it appears all is not as opposing as it seems. Through the language and ideas brought out through the plot, the audience realises it is not the complete truth and that there is more to each setting than is first thought. The more you delve into the play, the more it is apparent that the two places’ themes appear to be often crossed over and constantly change. Strife, for example, is brought into Belmont by an aged father’s will which shows how the concepts of Venice are introduced into the magical place of Belmont. Whereas, in Venice, Belmont’s youthful attitude intervenes when a couple in Venice run off together when the parent forbids it. As the play progresses even more similarities appear between the two settings and more often than not the concepts of the contrasting places become crossed. In Act 1, Scene 1, the audience is introduced to Venice and its themes and characteristics. These themes of age, melancholy and strife are shown throughout the scene through the language Shakespeare uses. The play begins in a melancholy tone, as Antonio is introduced, â€Å"In sooth I know not why I am so sad.† Here Shakespeare demonstrates the melancholy in Venice through the character Antonio’s sadness and confusion. As the audience later find out, Antonio is one of the richest merchants, however this initial line shows despite his money he is discontented and this shows how Venice is not perfect. Even though, Venice is a wealthy industrial, business-rife city it is not as exciting as first thought by the audience for whom it had the appearance that it was an exotic and thrilling place. For Antonio, Venice has not lived up to his expectations. This first line primarily helps to set the impression that working in Venice is risky business and that the merchants lives are full of worry and anxiety. The majority of the first act is written in prose which was used, in the Elizabethan era, to show gossip or low life characters. As the story unfolds of Antonio’s fortune, it is brought to the audience’s attention how his fortune lays on the sea. â€Å"Your mind is tossing on the ocean,† This indicates to the audience that, Antonio must own some sort of big ship and that his mind is constantly with his boats. He always worries that something is going to go wrong. This shows the issues of melancholy and anxiety that lie in Venice. Antonio also represents age, because he is one of the oldest merchants in Venice and is getting weary of life. He is also in denial of life’s value and thinks that everything is always going to go wrong. â€Å"Why then you are in love.† â€Å"Fie, Fie!† Here, when Solanio suggests his sadness is down to love, Antonio dismisses it, as if he is fated to be miserable. He is very flippant about the idea that he will ever have anyone to share his life with. The language Shakespeare uses suggests that although Antonio is rich, he will never be happy and that he is doomed in terms of love and relationships. The audience, see the first cross-over between Venice and Belmont when Bassanio enters during this scene. He talks in verse, which gives the impression of a softer, more exciting tone. He also has a whole speech about love, which encourages the audience to think that Venice is not all it may seem. However, despite all the love language, the idea of money and Venetian values can still be found. He explains that Portia is beautiful, but she is also rich and Bassanio needs her money. Shakespeare liberally interposes the speech with money phrases, as he mentions, â€Å"debts I owe†, â€Å"warranty†, â€Å"prodigal† and â€Å"rate†. Bassanio talks of Portia as, â€Å"A lady richly left,† which keeps in with the Venetian themes of money over love. By the end of this scene, through the style and language Shakespeare uses, the audience builds up the ideas and concepts of melancholy, strife and age surrounding Venice. Scene 2 opens with a wealthy, but weary Portia, â€Å"By my troth, Nerissa, my little body is aweary of this great world.† This quotation echoes the opening of Scene 1 and Antonio’s sadness, and it echoes the problems Antonio has found with wealth. This opening suggests melancholy in the magical place of Belmont as well. The audience’s first impression of Belmont is shown as strife- ridden and not a complete contrast to Venice. Shakespeare uses this to create dramatic excitement as it not what the audience expects and it gives the impression that Belmont is all not what it appears. However, one of the key ideas to notice is that in Belmont, it is woman orientated, which does contrast to Venice’s male dominated world. However, as a woman, Portia’s freedom is strictly limited and although Belmont may have a woman at its head, it is still a restricted world. This mirrors the realism of the male domination in the Elizabethan times and it gives something for the audience to relate too. The only factor, that causes all the apparent strife and melancholy in Belmont, is one of love, not money. Portia is worried because her future lies in the caskets left by her deceased father. As the audience become aware of the plot, it also becomes apparent that aspects of Venice are already sneaking into Belmont. This is shown through the caskets; her father set up a kind of lottery to decide her future, which is like gambling- a strong aspect of Venetian values. â€Å"Therefore the lottery that He hath devised in these three chests of gold, silver, and lead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also, by making the conflict work and by trying to achieve concord, she is causing herself melancholy and strife by keeping to her word. The scene is spoken in prose which contrasts to the love of Belmont. Shakespeare uses this for dramatic effect, as the audience would expect the characters to speak in poetry in such a beautiful, romantic setting. Nerissa and Portia gossip about the suitors who have already come to woo her and when Bassanio is mentioned, Portia becomes elated and excited. â€Å"I remember him well, and I remember him worthy of thy praise.† Bassanio symbolises youth, happiness and concord coming into Belmont. Yet, this proves to be contrasting that a merchant of dreary Venice is bringing happiness into Belmont, where the audience would have anticipated it to be the other way around. Shakespeare does this to create dramatic effect and to show the audience how the plot is unexpected. Act 3, Scene 2 follows a scene of hatred. Shakespeare completely contrasts this in this scene, as it is all about love. In this scene this is where it may seem most clear about Belmont’s youthful, happy, peaceful theme. However, even in the second line, â€Å"hazard† is said, which is a Venetian type word. It is written entirely in poetry to help achieve the romantic effect for the audience. The morals of Belmont are obvious when Portia says, â€Å"Before you venture for me. I could teach you How to choose right, but then I am forsworn.† She remembers her fathers’ will and knows, despite how much she is in love, that she cannot sway him to the right choice. This shows, a typical Belmont value, unlike Venice, she is sworn to secrecy. However, soon after we see another cross-over of age from Venice. Her father, despite being dead, is still overruling everything causing strife and melancholy. This reminds the audience of the situation between Shylock and his daughter and how similar the two situations appear. However, Portia quickly brings back the feeling of love and happiness back to Belmont, â€Å"One half of me is yours, the other half yours- Mine own, I would say: but if mine then yours, a And so all yours.† The length, style and content of Portia’s speech creates dramatic tension, That tension then becomes the subject of Bassanio’s speech, as he compares his waiting to the agony of being, â€Å"upon the rack.† Here Bassanio brings back a contrast to Belmont’s soft language and turns back to Venetian ways. However, Portia remains romantic and emphasises the fairytale aspect of Belmont. â€Å"Then if he loses he makes a swan-like end, Fading in music.† Shakespeare continues in the romantic style of language and Belmont begins to take hold of Bassanio and he is also converted to Belmont language. He talks in poetic verse and for once is rejecting the attractions of riches. â€Å"Therefore thou gaudy gold, Hard food for Midas, I will none of thee,† Surely enough, he chooses the correct lead casket, which once again represents the true values of love and Belmont, instead of the gold casket which is where the Venetian values lie. It also shows the triumph of his inner feelings over the outward show, which is also more typical to Belmont. Although, soon enough, he returns back to Venetian values, while splitting up the romantic verse, with Portia injecting financial words, â€Å"A thousand times more fair, ten thousand times More rich, that only to stand high in your account.† Following this, Portia begins to plot and set up the ring trick which is another Venetian theme creeping back in to Belmont. â€Å"I give them with this ring, Which when you part from, lose or give away, Let it presage the ruin of your love, And be my vantage to exclaim on you.† Here Shakespeare uses Portia, to bring conflict into the present and future of the idyllic Belmont marriage. Shakespeare does this to create dramatic tension between Bassanio and Portia and to create dramatic effect so the audience feel anxious after the joyful and romantic marriage. The scene comes to a problematic close as Venice continues to sweep back into Belmont bringing strife, melancholy and age as news that Bassanio’s friend, Antonio is in trouble. â€Å"I have engag’d myself to a dear friend, Engag’d my friend to his mere enemy, To feed my means.† Here Shakespeare completely changes the tone of the scene to one of worry, fear and misery. He uses the bad news of the Venetian strife and melancholy to create dramatic effect. The audience feel such a contrast of moods from romance to sudden melancholy and Shakespeare uses this to prove the cross-over between both places and how the moods of each place interlink with each other. Act 4, Scene 1 is more commonly known as The Trial Scene. In this scene, the crossover between the themes of Venice and Belmont is shown constantly through the language and symbols used by Shakespeare. Firstly the people from both places come together and the stories from both places intervene with each other. This proves the point that both places are far more similar than how they first appear.In the scene, Portia and Nerissa disguise themselves as the lawyer and lawyer’s clerk. Here, Shakespeare uses dramatic irony to add to the intensity of the plot and the excitement of the scene. The atmosphere in the early part of the scene is so intense that it seems as though Shylock himself is being tried, rather than having his case against Antonio heard. Shakespeare uses this to show the audience how the law is in control, not Shylock. Shakespeare allows the appearing fair and unbiased Duke of Venice to show partiality towards Antonio, â€Å"I am sorry for thee.† The scene is generally full of strife, which is mainly caused by Shylock. He represents the age, melancholy and strife in Venice. His hatred for Christians, causes the conflict in the court. â€Å"I bear Antonio, that I follow thus A losing suit against him. Are you answer’d?† Also Shakespeare uses Shylock’s knife and scales to add symbolic meaning as well as drama. He believes in law and sacrifice; both of which are typical for Venetian values. The Court and the Duke also symbolise how law is needed to run Venice and keep control. Human values and opinions are not important, it is all based on the system of the law. â€Å"To have the due and forfeit of my bond If you deny it, let the danger light Upon your charter and your city’s freedom!† This ancient precedent of the law again represents the age in Venice. â€Å"If you deny me, fee upon your law There is no force in the decrees of Venice.† Also, Shakespeare uses the character of Antonio to show age and strife in this scene. He is the oldest out of his friends and thinks he is approaching his death. Shakespeare shows how Antonio is prejudiced against Jews, through the language he uses, â€Å"You may as well do anything most hard As to seek to soften that- than which what’s harder- His Jewish heart.† He believes that there is nothing harder than a Jewish heart and that they have no feelings. As Nerissa and Portia enter the scene, an element of youth is brought into Venice. Portia brings in Belmont’s values of concord and happiness and her beliefs of how human values are more important than the law. She asks Shylock to be merciful and she looks at him as a human, rather than just a Jew. However Shylock’s response to this is, â€Å"On what compulsion must I?† evokes the quality of mercy speech which sums up the values of Belmont and how the values of mercy remains strong, â€Å"The quality of mercy is not strain’d, It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath.† Shakespeare uses this speech of Portia’s to bring in concord to Venice and tries to convert the Venetians to Belmont ways. However, despite her best efforts, Shylock refuses to be merciful and Portia is resorted to using the Venetian laws. â€Å"It must not be; there is no power in Venice Can alter a decree established.† This shows how Venetian ways are taking hold of Portia as she turns almost selfish as she is only thinking about the best interests of her own husband. She uses these laws of Venice to strip Shylock of everything including his religion, money and his pride. Still, Portia is not only contented with that, Shakespeare uses her character and the ring trick to take strife back to Belmont. â€Å"And if your wife be not a mad woman And know how well I have deserv’d this ring.† Shakespeare use the ring trick to show the balance of power between the sexes, and Shakespeare uses Portia to show how the female can have the underlying power in the marriage. He makes the audience think about the consequences the ring and power will have on the marriage and how the trick may have ruined the trust in their strong and loving relationship. In conclusion, overall I think it is not correct to set the themes of Venice as age, melancholy and strife and those of Belmont as youth, happiness and concord. From analysing the language and style Shakespeare uses throughout the play, but mainly in Act 1 Scenes 1 and 2, Act 3 Scene 2 and in Act 4 Scene 1, I believe that the themes of both places continuously interlock and crossover with each other. Shakespeare uses the language and characters of both settings to show the audience how even though both places may appear to be completely contrasting initially, as you delve deeper it becomes clear that the settings are more alike than the audience may first realise. However, Venice is full of strife, age and melancholy at times and at first it seems to definitely appear as if those are the values of Venice. Furthermore Belmont, on occasion, seems to be full of youth, concord and happiness. Therefore, the themes of these places are, in turn, correct, however more often than not the values of the settings swap and interfere with each other to create the dramatic effect for the audience, encouraging them to think about the ‘old values’ in an age of commercialism and the social problems surrounding the different classes in Elizabethan society.

The Importance Of A Successful Leadership For An Organization

Successful leadership can be stripped down to a few simple, yet effective, roles that can make or break any supervisor or organization; and that is communication and teamwork. These activities seem so menial but even the most educated or experienced could lack the ability to use these correctly. In any field of work, lack of communication could be detrimental to the success you are striving for. For healthcare, you have to think about the patient as well. Lack of communicating from provider to patient or between the multidisciplinary team could bring harm the patients well being. As was stated in our literature â€Å" [communication] is a common personal barrier in healthcare organizations and has the tendency to either evaluate the sender of the message as not important or down played† The ability to clearly communicate valid information to your team is needed for an organization to function. 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The Lord Of The Ring Essay - 1307 Words

It takes time for a person to developed, no one knows who they are from the very beginning. People/characters go through events in their life that changes them for better or for worse. In The Lord of the Ring by J.R.R Tolkien we encounter many character that shows growth but one character that develops for the better is Aragorn. The first thing we are told about Aragorn is from Gandalf letter to Frodo â€Å"Not all gold glitter† which tells the reader to not underestimate him, but when Aragorn is first introduced in the story, we assume he is just a ranger and nothing more, he doesn’t seem like someone which much help or of use but it turns out that he is actually Isildur heir which makes him the rightful king of Gondor, and as we later see in the novel one of the biggest help they could of find. Aragorn’s character grows so much from his motivation to protect middle earth, his interaction with the people around him and finally his acceptance as role of king. The first key characteristic for Aragorn character would have to be his motivation to protect middle earth form Sauron evil. Throughout the novel we see how Aragorn motivation encourages him and pushes him to continue on with his mission and the journey. His first mission was to get Frodo to Mordor to destroy the ring. which he does with the company of the ring. but even when they get separated Aragorn does not let the journey end. He knows It can’t just end without doing anything so he takes action to completeShow MoreRelatedThe Lord Of The Rings1648 Words   |  7 Pagesand religious truth (or error), but not explicit, not in the known form of the primary real world.† As The Lord Of The Rings is, by Tolkien’s definition, a fairy-story, it would be correct to assume that it, too, contains â€Å"elements of moral and religious truth.† However, many who read Lord Of The Rings dispute the trilogy’s religious content. 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The Department Of Homeland Security Made Us Safer

Has the Department of Homeland Security Made Us Safer? As one of the greatest power houses in the world, the United States has attempted to keep warfare on foreign soil rather than stateside. Doing so was a lot easier when war was fought between two different countries, but nowadays, the main source of conflict around the world comes from small bands of people who reside, not in one country or place, but spread throughout the world. Traditionally military servicemen would wear some type of camouflage utilities and would be carrying their rifles at the ready in case of any contact. Combat has dramatically changed and has made it extremely harder to distinguish enemy from friendly or natural forces. Bombs are created to be worn under cloths, IEDs (or improvised Explosive Devices) are hidden under roadways, and in my opinion, war has become more of a cowardice game hide and seek. This shift in combat strategies has made keeping warfare away from the homeland harder and harder. After the Attacks on the United States on 11 September 2105, the government created the Department of Homeland Security in order to protect our nation from further attacks. The proposal to create the department of Homeland Security was created in the early months of 2002 and officially became an Act of congress later that same year. The department opened its doors and two months later and Tom Ridge, a Pennsylvania Governor, was appointed to be the first director of DHS (the Department of HomelandShow MoreRelatedHomeland Security And The Security1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined to the point it is today. The Homeland Security Department is a fairly new program which is constantly improving and adjusting in accordance to the threats that may arise. In the attempt to secure the United States, homeland security has become paramount and a lot of emphasis is being provided so as to ensure the safety of the borders and the citizens of the United States. 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Right Selection of Members for Decision-Making

Question: Discuss about the Right Selection of Members for Decision-Making. Answer: Introduction A case study meeting has been studied and certain failures in terms of decision-making have been identified. This assignment will discuss about the differences in personality types that failed the meeting and evaluate the perceptions of individuals in terms of response. How an organization can manage individual differences and overcome strategic challenges will be discussed in this assignment through critical analysis. This assignment will mainly focus on enhancing strategic management in organization through case study analysis. Myers Briggs theories The types of personalities are examined in the following table: Extraversion and Introversion This style gives the idea of energy direction. Tokunbo Jegede is the marketing personnel who can be listed under this category. Sensing and Intuition This style indicates such people who deal with facts. Davido Banks is the operational personal who can be listed under this category. Thinking and Feeling This style indicates decision-making and Zainab Smith is the personal who can be listed under this category in design department. Judgment and Perception This style indicates planned lifestyle and organized preference for doing tasks (Poursafar, Devi and Rodrigues 2015). Therefore, Gloria Brown, who is the engineering personnel, can be listed under this category. Table 1: Personality types and identification (Source: Lloyd 2012) While reviewing the case study, it has been found that each of the personality types started to wrangle among each other, but only Gloria Brown did not try to keep her view aggressively as she knew that the team would never form with such diversified personality types. Therefore, while making decision, it will be best for the organization to select one type of personality trait. The most effective personality trait will be Judgment and Perception as this personality type indicates logical method of thinking and organized planning (Cohen, Ornoy and Keren 2013). In the case study, it has been found that none of the members thought of organized way of planning, rather each of them started to present their own views. Therefore, the best type of personality will be Judgment and Perception, as members will initially try to logically think about the facts while decision making and present the best organized and logical strategy at the end of the meeting. Attribution Theory According to Westwood et al. (2014), attribution theory deals with identifying the process by which people explain the causes and behavior of individuals. In this case study, it has been found that all the people were trying to blame each other, which can be referred as the interpersonal attribution. Each of the members was deviated by the response of the other personnel so that their own candidate could have been defended. On the other hand, Harvey et al. (2014) pointed out that common sense psychology observes, analyze and explain behaviors of each other, which is attributed by external attributions. This has been the same case for the respondents in the case study. Furthermore, Snead et al. (2015) pointed out that if individuals try to respond in such a way, where logical and rational attributes are entertained, then surely perception of other members will be changed. For this case, members must have thought of covariance. If the members could have allocated the reasons behind the poor performance of their best candidates, the management must have understood the reason behind such perception. On the other hand, Hareli (2014) pointed out that three-dimensional model of attribution theory gives the view that individuals will commit the same type of behavior if they act on the same situation in future. The CEO in the case study came to understand that none of the members had the potential to create the best decision in future and therefore, considering three-dimensional model, he would never hire the same personnel in future. Toluwa, Ralph, Suzzane, Emeka, and Temitope had their own view regarding the performance of the candidates and therefore, they never applied the distinctive information. If the members of the committee have applied the consensus information, then surely they would have acted in different stimuli, which would have given the best answer to the CEO. Managing individual differences at work Four ways by which managers can try to manage differences at work are communication, training, motivation and job allocation. Communication According to Gammack and Poon (2013), most of the projects in an organization fail because of the poor communication among of the members. Organizational projects require a lot of interactive communications among each other but often due to differences in authorities, expertise and knowledge among the team members, communication fails. As a result, project deliverables are not set within the deadline and even the qualities are hampered. On the other hand, Tjosvold and Tjosvold (2015) pointed out that communication is the way by which, mutual sharing of ideas can be processed in a meeting. Furthermore, Ghorbanhosseini (2013) opined that if the leader in a meeting or in a project take the initiative to restore interactive communication by reporting and collaborative interaction among the members from the initial stages, then surely effective deliverables will be reached within a couple of months. Training According to von Krogh, Rossi-Lamastra and Haefliger (2012), employees in an organization have different designation and expertise, but often organizations does not ensure the effective training process so that the employees can be bushed up to perform in the most optimized way. On the other hand, Dehmollaei, Jafari and Gholamipour (2013) pointed out that organizations try to reduce the cost of operation by limiting the longevity of training process, which ultimately hampers the quality of the outcome. When such inefficient employees work in a team for accomplishing a project, they fail to give the best outcome, and thereby hampering the total project output. Hell and Ershov (2014) opined that if the employees are trained prior to performance, then ambiguity and differences among the team members will be reduced. The team members will be able to deliver the best output only when they know about each other, which will be accomplished during the training session. Individual differences will be sorted out during the training session, members will come to know about each other, and according to that team leader will delegate responsibilities among the members. Motivation Motivation is the primary factor that reduces the feeling of indifferences among the team members. If an employee is motivated then, it will be reflected in their performance. A team is consisted of different types of expertise and therefore, it is quite natural that there will be differences in performance. Performance of one member will be different from the other, which will surely affect the performance. Therefore, if a team leader motivates the poor performer irrespective of his performance, then surely the candidate will try to deliver better output. In this way, a team will be formed that will have the best members who are always committed to perform well and achieve more, leading to the better outcome of project. Finally, it can be said that motivation is the factor that gives rise to achieve organization goal. Job Allocation According to Durand and Paolella (2013), individual differences in a team, occur mostly due to inappropriate job allocation. Team members are having different skills, expertise and knowledge and according to that team leader is supposed to delegate tasks. Cheng and Humphreys (2012) pointed out that often it is found team leader does not have the knowledge of its members and therefore, it is the team members who have to suffer. If team leader does not have the knowledge of its members and their ability, then surely they will fail to perform well. On the other hand, Menon et al. (2015) argued that the team leader deliberately creates differences among the team members by giving inappropriate tasks. Therefore, the management has to take care of the type of team members who are present in a team and according to that needs to make sure of the tasks that are to be allocated among the members. This will help in restoring the best outcome for any king of project, as any sort of differences will be resolved prior to initiation of project. Strategic Goal In the case study, the main marketing goal is to create advertising to market their new mop. The four departments that are associated with the strategic goal are operations department, marketing department, design department and engineering department. The key functions of the each of the departments are given in the following table: Departments Functions Operations department Budgeting: Cost related options will be identified and configurations for reducing the operational expense will be determined. People: Operations manager has to take care of the type of people who will be associated with the project. The manager will need to allocate adequate amount of employees for operational improvement and product designing. Leadership: Operation manager has to ensure transactional leadership style so that employees feel free to communicate with the manger regarding shortcomings and requirements. Marketing department Strategy: Marketing managers will try to responsively create strategy by setting in line with overall corporate objectives Sales Support: Manager has to support the sales team by high quality leads and communication system. Create Advertisement strategy: Marketing manager has to identify the appropriate marketing strategy such as event management or online sales promotions. Design department Product Uniqueness: Though the product is new to the market, but the demand is not so high, therefore, design department needs to create distinctive feature for the product and attractive design so that sales is achieved at the highest rate. Product Packaging: Packaging is the part of design and therefore, design department has to restore attractive packaging so ensure consumer provocation. Engineering department Develop: The engineering department needs to develop the product in terms of features, shapes, configurations and technical requirements. Construction: A manager in this department needs to ensure desired yield quality and organize personnel. Production: Equipment selection, economic and human factors will have to be selected by the engineering department Table 2: Key Departmental Functions (Source: Dehmollaei, Jafari and Gholamipour 2013) Each of the departments needs to work in the most efficient way and communicate with each other. The managers will need to identify the strategy, which will be suitable for both the organization and for the stakeholders. Operation manager will need to identify the process, people and budget that will be required for the whole project. After the process has been identified, the design and engineering department will communicated regarding their concerns. The marketing manager and operation manager will discuss about the cost and benefits of the strategies and finally, the project will be executed. The main objective has been to create advertisement strategy and for that, each of the departments will need to address their concerns regarding the type of information that will be provided in the advertisement. Two Challenges for organization Personality Difference While developing the strategy for advertisement, the management has thought of selecting the right departments and right members but somehow each of the departments were not aware of identifying the right personality traits. According to Cohen, Ornoy and Keren (2013), one of the most important criteria for team development is to select such members who has the adequate cohesion power. Therefore, the organization must have selected Judgment and Perception personality trait. Such personality would have given the best-organized and logical strategic output within the given time frame. Communication According to Harvey et al. (2014), if a team in an organization does not have the adequate number of trained and behaved employees, then surely communication factor will prove to be ineffective. This has been the same condition for this organization. In the meeting, from the very first stage, each of the members started to prove why they were right, and never listened to each other. Therefore, communication was not effective for the members. Communication gap and placement of ideas were lacking among the team members, which led to dissolve the team. Conclusion While concluding, it can be said that the organization did not have right selection of members for decision-making. 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